Sloth Pendant Carving
Sloth Pendant Carving
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Florida Prior to 5800 BCE
There is a paucity of reliable chronology for a number of the older archaeological discoveries in Florida. J Kennedy found [2009] abrown-tan,38cm long bone with a crude engraving, which has the appearance of a mammoth or mastodon, near the Old Vero Beach site. During 1913-1916 E Sellards identified human bones beside the fossil remains of extinct animals at the site. Mammoths and mastodons are deemed to have become extinct in Florida ca 13Ka ago. D Stanford [2011]] has suggested that the etched bone could be ca 13Ka old.
During the last ice age sea level was more than 100m below the present level. A large portion of Florida was covered by a thick, porous, limestone platform. The Page-Ladson site is a deep hole in the bed of the Aucilla River between Jefferson and Taylor counties. An archaeological investigation by J Dunbar et al [1983] recovered elephant bones, bone tools and debris from tool manufacture. Organic material at the site dated to 13785-11830 BCE, cal. Subsequent excavations recovered the bones of mastodons, mammoths, horses and ground sloths and "straw" mats from the basal layer. Some of the fauna bones seem to have been incised by humans and samples from a "straw" mat proved to be slightly older age than the above organic matter. Evidence of human occupation, which included three hearths, lithic points, scrapers, adzes, gouges, three upright wood stakes and antler points, was unearthed in 1996. This cultural material was used ca 9650 BCE [T Goebel,2008].
Little Salt Spring is a 75m deep sinkhole at North Port, Florida, which dates to the last ice age. The underground spring water maintains a constant temperature of about 24 degrees C and contains minimal oxygen, which has contributed to the preservation of organic matter. A wood stake, which was embedded in the remains of a large extinct tortoise, was dated to ca 10905 BCE +/- 400a, cal. The sinkhole was sporadically visited by humans from ca 11000-4000 BCE, cal. A wide range of organic items were retrieved [eg: wood stakes, textile fragments, deer bones and bone tools]. In addition to a human skull, with brain tissue, a green stone pendant and a carved stone, possible spear thrower [J Gifford,2008].
The bones at the Ryan/Harley site by the Wacissa River in northern Florida are too mineralized to provide a reliable age determination. The presence of extinct fauna might imply that the site was frequented by Palaeoindians pre-9550? BCE [[J Dunbar,2005].It was a post Clovis camp 1m below the present low water stage of the Wacissa River. Among the 193 artifacts were a Suwannce preform with flute or flute like basal thinning, several bifaces, a variety of uniface tools and debitage, that includes an overshot flake. Ryan/Harley appears to have been a late stage tool production and maintenance site. A Greenbriar Bolen type point, 3 waisted Suwannce distal point ends, a Kirk serrated point, Deptford ceramic shards and bone pins were retrieved out of context. Most of the stone tools were shaped from local silicified cap rock and Cannonball chert. The lithic assemblage did not contain a notched and triangular assortment of hafted tools, bifacial Dalton type adzes or microliths, that were identified in the Bolen and Dalton inventories. The Ryan/Harley waisted Suwannce points are similar to, but distinct from the recurate or waisted Clovis type. Suwannce points share a few features with Bolen points. The extensive Suwannce tool kit "may" have evolved from the Clovis tradition, which infers that the Ryan/Harley site could be an older Suwannce camp, when compared to Harney Flats, where a different lithic technology was used. About 2/3 of the Ryan/Harley artifacts are bone. These people had a varied diet [J Dunbar,2005].
Florida might have had an appreciable nomadic population during this era. J Simpson found lanceolate point-rods in the Ichctucknee River, north Florida. The only one depicted is a Suwannce point. The basal cultural level at the Silver Springs site yielded a Clovis waisted point, with a probable preform [W Neill,1958]. The Sloth Hole assemblage included 5 waisted Clovis points, a classic Clovis point and the largest accumulation of carved ivory shafts or fore shafts at a North American Clovis site [C Hemmings,1992].
Windover Pond is a flooded sinkhole in Brevard County, central Florida. It was used for interments from ca 7000-5800 BCE, cal. Today the pond is a peat bog. The peat has partially preserved the human remains, but did not preserve their DNA to the same extent. Over 168 human remains were recovered, which range in age from 6-70 years. Over half of the interred were children. Water levels have been relatively consistent since ca 5800 BCE [P Tomczak, 2003]. Many internal organs were not preserved and there was some brain tissue in 91 crania [RDoran,2003].Lorenzo [2005] contended that the human DNA was contaminated. P Tomczak [2203]claims that the males were relatively stationary and that the females were more mobile. These people were lean, robust and copper skinned. The tallest male was 1.68m and the average female height was 1.57m. These individuals appear to have been relatively sedentary. A skilfully crafted projectile point was made from stone, that was sourced 85km distant. Some of North America's older cloth samples were among the 87 textile fragments, that were recovered from the site. Some material has seven complex weaves of native plants and could [?] have been made on a loom. The textile inventory included parts of mats, bags, baskets and cloths. People fished and gathered plants, hunting does not appear to have been a significant activity [ibid]. R Doran [2003] postulated that the finely woven material was reserved for the elite. The residents of the Windover Pond site appear to have enjoyed a comfortable life style.
To date our knowledge of Florida prior to 5800 BCE tends to be fragmental. However there is sufficient evidence to indicate that future excavations and research will unveil a wealth of relevant information. Florida appears to have had an appreciable Palaeoindian population during at least some periods prior to 5800 BCE. These creative individuals seemed to have prospered in a largely friendly environment.
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